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[1] The Liman Center at Yale Law School. (2020). Time-in-Cell 2019: A Snapshot of Restrictive Housing. Note: The Liman study reports up to 62,000 people in solitary confinement, but does not include the Federal Bureau of Prisons, local correctional facilities or juvenile facilities. Including those populations changes the estimate to between 80,000 and 100,000 in solitary confinement.

[2] Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Sivaraman J, Rosen DL, et al. Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1912516. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12516

[3] Haney C., Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and “Supermax” Confinement, 49 Crime & Delinquency 134 (2003)

[4] Alison Shames et al. Solitary Confinement: Common Misconceptions and Emerging Safe Alternatives. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, 2015.

[5] Alison Shames et al. Solitary Confinement: Common Misconceptions and Emerging Safe Alternatives. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, 2015.

[6] Ian Kysel (2012), Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in solitary confinement in jails and prisons across the United States. Human Rights Watch & American Civil Liberties Union

[7] Cloud, David H et al. “Public Health and Solitary Confinement in the United States.” American journal of public health vol. 105,1 (2015): 18-26. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302205

[8] Daniel P. Mears & Jamie Watson, Towards a Fair and Balanced Assessment of Supermax Prisons, 23 JUST. Q. 233, 260 (2006)

[9] The Liman Center at Yale Law School. (2020). Time-in-Cell 2019: A Snapshot of Restrictive Housing.

Resources page

[10] Grassian, Stuart “Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy vol. 22 (2006)

Williams, B.A., Li, A., Ahalt, C. et al. The Cardiovascular Health Burdens of Solitary Confinement. J GEN INTERN MED 34, 1977–1980 (2019).

HALTSolitary Campaign (2020) “Suicide and Self-Harm in New York State’s Solitary Confinement Units, 2015-2019

[11] VERA Institute (2021) The Impacts of Solitary Confinement

[12] Ian Kysel (2012), Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in solitary confinement in jails and prisons across the United States. Human Rights Watch & American Civil Liberties Union

[13] Lobel, J. (2008), Prolonged Solitary Confinement and the Constitution,‖ Journal of Constitutional Law,

[14] Reforming Restrictive Housing: The 2018 ASCA-Liman Nationwide Survey of Time-in-Cell

[15] Alison Shames et al. Solitary Confinement: Common Misconceptions and Emerging Safe Alternatives. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, 2015.

[16] Ian Kysel (2012), Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in solitary confinement in jails and prisons across the United States. Human Rights Watch & American Civil Liberties Union

[17] Vera Institute of Justice (2006), Confronting Confinement: A report of the Commisssion on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons

[18] Partnership for the Public Good (2020) “Save Money, Save Lives: An Analysis of the Fiscal Impact of the HALT Solitary Confinement Act”

[19] Andersen, H. S., Sestoft, D. D., Lillebæk, T. T., Gabrielsen, G. G., Hemmingsen, R. R., & Kramp, P. P. (2000), ―A Longitudinal Study of Prisoners on Remand: Psychiatric Prevalence, Incidence and Psychopathology in Solitary vs.Non-Solitary Confinement

[20] Alison Shames et al. Solitary Confinement: Common Misconceptions and Emerging Safe Alternatives. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, 2015.

Experience page

[22] Haney C., Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and “Supermax” Confinement, 49 Crime & Delinquency 134 (2003)

[23] Southern Poverty Law Center (2019) :SOLITARY CONFINEMENT INHUMANE, INEFFECTIVE, AND WASTEFUL

[24] First hand accounts and Haney C., Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and “Supermax” Confinement, 49 Crime & Delinquency 134 (2003)

[25] Smith, D G. (2018) Neuroscientists Make a Case Against Solitary Confinement. Scientific American, 9 Nov. 2018

[26] Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Sivaraman J, Rosen DL, et al. Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1912516. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12516

[27] Hayes, Lindsay (2009), Juvenile Suicide in Confinement: A National Survey. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

[28] Smith, D G. (2018) Neuroscientists Make a Case Against Solitary Confinement. Scientific American, 9 Nov. 2018

[29] Cloud, David H et al. “Public Health and Solitary Confinement in the United States.” American journal of public health vol. 105,1 (2015): 18-26. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302205

[30] Reassessing Solitary Confinement: The Human Rights, Fiscal and Public Safety Consequences, 112th Cong. (2012) (testimony of Dr. Craig Haney)

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